5.1. Analysis of creditworthiness of individuals
Credibility (eligibility) client referǎ especially the "morality" and it is importantǎ to prevent fraud losses from BT by some people who were injured intentions generally called speculators who know sǎ vândǎ bank and they need not to buy the same locations at a lower price later on controlled auctions or other methods to defraud the banking sector. Subevaluaezǎ bank guarantees to protect these valued employees located but here are correct and have reached a analizǎ particularǎ eligibility of clients who are just tests for assessment or claim credit for investment very More details pertaining to fence the client fairness and its ability to timely and unconditional payment of future borrowing. Many are unaware of losses that may result if the interest clietului neplatǎ and life be evaluated and speculators may even memorizing the discussions oficerul officer. "Quantity, quality and speed of the network provided data livreazǎ data" are an important factor but can indirectly influence a customer credit analysis correctly is patient because he knows that the reasons are only details of customer information only as can be disclose whether or not one right. Even authorized personnel can analyze the harmful sǎ client by collecting tax assessment then records the reasons sǎ respingǎ intentionally less "outstanding".
Cǎ appreciate and "money spǎlare phenomenon is a reason amǎnunţite analysis applied to some dubious reviews but can not overlook certain aspects when it comes to large amounts of money.
The creditworthiness of customers who seek a loan "means its financial capacity to repay the loan and pay interest owed to the lender agreed deadlines. Preliminary classification will be determined according to the score (scoring) criteria are obtained to analyze why acordǎri loan. According to other opinions "represent accounts database necesarǎ in making economic decisions by the owner of various categories of users."
Provisions for customer creditworthiness if it is an individual are differentiated:
1. For those employed: salary certificate certified by one of the following documents: copy of employment record or individual employment contract endorsed by the Board of work, tax statement for the preceding year or fraction of year.
2. Free for self occupation approved
- Authorization for the activity (certificate of free practice running, registration certificates etc.).
- Register Log receipts and payments for January to date in 2010;
- Statement of Finance imposes visa on the last two years;
- Global Tax Declaration last year, registered with tax authorities, tax decision final;
- Extract the current account in lei plus bank signature (the original copy of bank stamp and date of issue copy);
- Service contracts;
3. For those who realizeazǎ rental income and income considered other-kind lease requires registered Financial Administration or other documents certifying income;
4. For those who get income from dividends is required by the Administration last balance sheet Financiarǎ, recent statements made to the Financial Administration, General Assembly Resolution on distribution of profits, the last Two kinds of verification.
5. The persons who received income for abroad:
- Income (BT type or type their employer) for 3 consecutive months latest, issued in more than 45 days before analysis;
- Individual employment contract, registered organ of State administration compentent where you are employed;
- Special declaration of income or tax statement or tax certificate or other legal document proving payment of taxes.
For income in strǎinǎtate all documents issued by a foreign authority, will be legalized by the competent authority and subsequently translated and legalized in Romania.
5.2. Financially economical and legal persons
. Cunoaştearea is good risks incurred by both bank and client to avoid fraud. And assess the risks can be "internal audit" and a favorable score a şansǎ also offers its business in getting a loan.
Customer creditworthiness is established from the customer and creditworthiness score is determined by economic and financial analysis of their performances, according to scores on quantifiable criteria (financial) and non-quantifiable criteria (non) depending on the model of analysis of creditworthiness agents bank-specific economic, reliability as calculatǎ After NBR rules.
For legal persons who need a loan:
- Credit application (see Annex 1);
- Agreement for coplătitori, if applicable (form provided by BT);
- ID for the applicant and, if appropriate, coplatitori (copy)
- Last balance sheet (or half yearly) endorsed by the authorized bodies, accompanied by corresponding balance;
- The last two kinds of verification signed by the company;
- Articles of Incorporation / addenda on the change of location, company name, company time, changes in shareholders (if any);
- Certificate of registration;
- Lease or ownership document;
- Documents required to substantiate income from other sources;
- As recently finding certificate but not exceeding 30 days old (and can be obtained from BT);
- Establishing legal documents and registration certificate (CUI + es);
- Finding certificate from the Trade Register (not older than one month);
- The Administrative Council or General Assembly of Shareholders, the person authorized to sign a form.
Non-financial analysis is based on the following criteria: quality management, quality organization, the business sector, the company's position in the industry, development strategy and outlook and the outcome of interrogation unitǎţii customer that says much about his intentions and even the ability to perceive that it will assume responsibility.
Assessment of economic and financial performance criteria that give customer creditworthiness if it is a legal person are:
- Current liquidity;
- General indebtedness;
- Assets;
- Net equity in the strict sense;
- Bad stocks;
- Rotational speed of the assets;
- Reviews uncer;
- Interest expense;
- Short-term debt;
- Turnover;
- Solvency;
- Supplies;
- Total assets;
- Imported supplies;
- Total liabilities;
- Conversion differences passive.
In determining the score for guaranteeing credit customers with many types of warranties will use the weighted average.
"Some of the analytical procedures required in their application, a anumitǎ order to assess the influence factors. Findings and analysis of economic efficiency of investment projects is done with a tool of investigation represented by indicators of economic efficiency may be the investment, "indicators that are designed to size as accurately as possible the real substance of economic efficiency in its many manifestations" . Banking Advisor analyzes why gnosiology investor decision making and then verificǎ depusǎ documentation that meets customer requirements, and employment calculeazǎ mǎrimii amount that may be a client for it corespundǎ conditions satisfacǎ BT and at the same time the customer.
Necessary, "check for the flesh of the individual, that the territory of the registered legal person seeking credit. This actually implies accuracy or reliability of documents that make the loan and of course why cǎ data must correspond with the reality that poatǎ commitment to be successful.
Assessing information on the applicant and coplătitorii, information on participants in loan income, receipt of salary information, previous credit repayment history if any, and other information supplied by the customer and credit analysis necessary to subject checks from the bank.
Security assessment is made by an external assessor bǎncii but approved by the bank. The client is informed by the bank adviser if credit has been approved or rejected and the result is communicated debitorului.La this phase of analysis will be charged a commission orcum file but can not otherwise find out if a loan corespunzii requirements.
If the loan is approved at the BT client is required to sign the credit contract, contract of guarantee, the insurance of goods to the security and insurance certificate, as appropriate.
After the shooting conditions, credit is made available to the customer, extract the land can be submitted and subsequently not later than 10 days after authentication.
Money is made available to customer in a current account which shall be transferred in one installment or more under the credit agreement, the current account of the seller, manufacturer, supplier of materials, the service provider.
And measurement of indicators used in assessing the economic efficiency of a target there should invest just as accurately quantify effort in decision making processes and effects resulting from construction and operation of an investment objective, allowing the investor sǎ bunǎ take the specific decision it.
5.2.1. Lichiditǎţii Analysis Company
Liquidity represents an economic capacity to meet its short term debt by the rapid transformation of its assets in asset availability and can lead to liquidity indicators:
Liquidity indicators are classified as the most eminent:
- Liquidity generalǎ> 2
- Liquidity be decreased = 1
- Liquidity imediatǎ <0.65
where:
CA = current assets
SDR = short-term debt
S = stocks
C = claims
Appreciates that business is good when immediate liquidity ratio is over 100% since then shows that receipts exceed payments, and if less than 100% because it highlights an unsatisfactory business earnings are below the level of payments. In the absence of liquidity traders is characterized by accumulation of debts to suppliers, the state budget, bank or other legal entities.
Lack of liquidity risk "occurs when banks are unable to provide ANY time the payments required by its creditors.
5.2.2. Analysis of company solvency
Depending on the solvency analysis is to help develop the business by finding creditworthy customers, but an assessment of applications for new loans is to help existing borrowers or sǎ sǎ mentinǎ their îmbunatǎţească its solvency.
It calculeazǎ as relationship:
S = Solvency
SC = social capital
TP = total liabilities
Also reflects the creditworthiness of the company generalǎ ability to transform all its assets in cash to pay existing debt at once anumitǎ. A trader is solvent when the amount of its assets invested in fixed assets, assets, debts certain resources or more money at least equal to the total liabilities represent obligations to partners, employees, bank. This ability of firms to make cash assets is reflected in the analysis of balance sheet debt indicators of the company seeking credit.
Risk of insolvency "occurs as a result of neâdeplinirii credit contract by the customer. This breach of contract may cause the bank or a permanent loss of capital or, at best a partial and late recovery of the loan. "
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5.3. Grant and credit approval
Loans should be covered by the new provisions of the National Bank which require documentation and evaluation to reduce guarantees, and a new model for evaluation of the dossier requiring less effort in choosing the appropriate credit and less time for granting it. "The exchange is effected only if the party involved an agreement between" ie the client is legally eligible grant also be made by deposit and credit instruments trasferabilitatea.
Record is accomplished by specifying relationships through various forms of credit or documentary credit instruments.
These forms of record include:
- Obligations of both creditor and debtor party;
- The borrower to repay the amount received and revenue enhancements to pay (interest);
- Conditions for granting and repayment of credit;
- The guarantees provided under which the loan is approved.
Transferability of credit instruments is done through the assignment of receivables and also depending on the necessities, the creditor may convert debt into money.
Among the main types of criteria delimiteazǎ credit reports according to the interrelationships that characterized mention:
- Individual creditor;
- Specify how the training and use of available capital;
- Individual debtor;
- The use of borrowed capital;
- Subject to credit and scope of use;
- Times up capital available for use by borrowers.
Approval is made by credit oficerul measure the amount of money due and subsequently accepted by the customer interest and an initial fixed period. To know details of future commitment to the customer can acquire the details of the credit agreement and to recognize the value that will be a surrender value is greater than it receives and that may be lost or collateral in advance event of default are important to know. Credit agreement is defined as a unilateral convention by which a bank or other similar credit institution undertakes, in return for renumeraţii, to make funds available to a person money, for a period and amount determined, or to assume, in the interests of persons, a cash commitment by the downstream, or letter of guarantee.
Record and portability are characteristics of the loan. Credit agreements are recorded, mostly by writing, credit instruments, credit instruments and portability is by credit transfer agreements from one beneficiary to another, can each claim in the lender to make money, according to needs or a bilateral agreement.
5.3.1. Credit agreement
The credit agreement must contain some essential elements of which sets some of them:
- Purpose of the loan;
- Loan size;
- The credit;
- Form of credit;
- Interest and other costs of lending;
- Sources of credit and cover its costs;
- Maturity rate and interest payment;
- Guarantee credit.
Credit agreement is the most important document of the credit file but also a complex document to be signed by both the client and the bank officials concerned. At least 10 days before the contract mortgage borrower bank will provide a written offer which will contain all the conditions of the contract and its shelf life. Mortgage contract will not be modified except by written agreement of the parties, in compliance with the statutory credit.
Loan amount will be made available to the beneficiary of the mortgage installments or full payments are made directly to the seller when buying a property by a manufacturer or otherwise. Where work for which the mortgage loans will be made for its own by its beneficiaries, the money will send them under a financing plan established by contract.
Credit contract differs from one bank to another and even from one type to another, but credit is a document that contains information and conditions shall enter into force once signed is valid regardless of the consequences arising from the contract.
5.3.2. Loan guarantee
"When granting loans, banks should further ensure that these will be repaid on time, thus reducing the risks associated with lending operations." And this operation is done by guarantee with a mortgage on a property under the terms of the credit.
Debtor agrees not to dispose of the collateral or use them to ensure any other obligation by another banking company or any other person or entity to full reimbursement of all sums resulting from this contract or without prior consent of BT. Lending operation also implies the existence and risk-taking by lenders and that safeguards for its employment by debitori.Garanţiile can be structured as follows:
Personal guarantee is the commitment made by a third party to pay the creditor the debt if the debtor is in default and includes:
Simple personal guarantee guarantor offers the opportunity to negotiate its payment obligations in terms of required enforcement of the debtor or to answer only part, where more than one guarantor.
Joint personal guarantee requires the guarantor, if required by lender to pay the same, or even before the debtor, if present conditions apparently preferable solvency.
Collateral apply on some properties of the creditor or other third parties appointed guarantors, and includes:
Detention provides creditor the right to require the debtor's immovable property until it is fully paid a debt that is related to that object. To achieve this right must meet the following conditions:
- Tangible property owned by the debtor to have a connection with the claim;
- Claim to be certain and due.
Forms can be collateral mortgage and pledge.
Mortgage is a real imobiliarǎ parked without dispossession, which allows a creditor that if the loan was not repaid scadenţǎ, sǎ seeks mortgaged property, recovery security required by scoatarea sǎ of the sales of the proceeds will to recover all or part of the credit and or interest. Mortgage is the act whereby the debtor grants the creditor the right on immovable property owned by it, without dispossession as collateral for a loan but drepturii full on the building until the end of the rates paid by the indebted,
Conditions to be a mortgage on a property are:
- Mortgage can not be established only through authentic;
- Civil engineering can only be mortgaged along with accessories that are immovable, the destination and the usufruct of immovable property;
- Have a corresponding property;
- To specify conditions on constituientului person;
- Who is the must have full legal capacity;
- Who is the must have current ownership of the property that ipotechează;
- They do not depend on the solemn nature of the mortgage contract, but only to ensure enforceability and to rank the preference of the mortgage;
- Advertising is the inclusion of mortgage in the land of the territorial court in which property is also located: the parties conclude a mortgage contract as it is presented to the notary. Based on authenticated documents, an application and an appointed judge judicial stamp duties will include keeping cadastral mortgage in the land register.
The pledge is considered a "pledge that that entails, as a rule, dispossession and încrediţarea borrower pledged its property to a third person designated by the parties. The debtor can claim the refund until the object pledged full honor, in part, to its charitable bank debt. "
Pledge is the act whereby the debtor submits a good lender called mortgage credit guarantee, which is usually made with dispossession.
If the pledge without dispossession occurs, the lender receives title to the recognition of collateral is required to be published.
Creditor holding the pledge may have the following rights:
- Preferably the right to be paid before other creditors, the sale property that is security;
- Right up where the owner is changing;
- Ability to keep the subject of collateral;
- The legal right to sell the pledged asset.
5.3.3. Credit insurance
Loans are granted based on collateral which is normal to be insured or person to repay the loan is insured in case of "death" or disability that BT can recover the difference from the insurance company in accordance with clauses in the contract credit.
Credit insurance and guarantees may be subject to insolvency risks overall, export credit, the sale price paid in installments, the mortgage, the orcare other officer, direct or indirect guarantee under the rules adopted by the body State in whose jurisdiction by law, shall supervise the activities of insurance.
It also requires the debtor to insure against all risks of Credit and the purchased goods to the guarantee, to conclude the insurance contract over the period of credit to an institution or insurance company approved by the bank (where such insurance is required) .
The debtor is required to renew insurance policies throughout the period of credit until the full payment of amounts due under this contract.
Where insurance policies are not renewed, BT has the right, without being obliged to make any extension thereof, the expense.
For payment by insurance premiums, BT, BT client supports the right to automatically debit its current account.
If lack of availability, costs incurred by BT for this purpose shall be deemed maturity date of actual payment by the insurance company, the bank will recover the insurance premium priority consideration of the amounts paid by the borrower in the current account to pay next.
The debtor is required to give compensation for the bank's rights of insurance contracts of movable and immovable property concluded with insurance companies approved by the bank.
The debtor is required to deliver BT original insurance policy, which will keep the bank until full repayment of amounts under this contract.
If the insured events, the borrower is obliged to inform the insurer within 24 hours, and BT 48 hours to produce them.
Where the debtor record debt arrears to BT, more than 30 days of credit or against him was initiated legal proceedings for recovery of debts, amounts of compensation will be used by BT to recover outstanding debts.
5.4. Repayment of loans and payment rates
Repayment and interest payment will be made by the borrower and the coplătitori even in the same currency in which credit was granted. Borrower obligǎ ensure supply current account so scadentǎ day of each month throughout the period poatǎ creditarepentru as BT to charge interest rate of loans due that maturity.
Customer accepts that BT to debit bank accounts opened with amounts due under this contract, as they fall due.
Allow the client to make on behalf of BT and its account to the amounts owed, any foreign exchange required to convert amounts held by Borrower in its current accounts in the currency of this contract, the BT.
Total volume repaid monthly rates and due dates are included in the repayment schedule annexed to this contract, except credit lines not drawn reimbursement schedule.
Early repayment is permitted and considered as such only after full payment of outstanding debt and current interest to the date of payment calculated in terms of costs set by BT.
Increase or decrease the initially approved a loan for the same purpose loan, modification of credit data when it is given in several installments (monthly, biannual, quarterly), deferred payment or amend any other terms of credit agreement will lead to the establishment of a new reimbursement schedule.
If early repayment of the credit due to diminishing credit unused within the drawing, BT notify the borrower, as appropriate, directly at the BT or a letter with acknowledgment of receipt, the new reimbursement schedule as against the Borrower also without further formality, considering it is unconditional acceptance.
Failure to deadlines credit rates rise to record their outstanding from the due date, overdue loans account. It is however advisable to seek an alternative, perhaps a personal loan to not delay as rates can reach much larger loss than you aştepţii, the bank has rights to almost nelimitete neplătitorii customers or delay rates, execuatea can even reach the house and forced public auction to recover damages resulting from such non-payment rates.
5.5. Collateral execution
If mortgage-backed loans, customers must be fully aware of the risk assumed. If you can not honor debts to the bank may lose the property mortgaged in favor of BT. However, the situation is not desirable for either side, and credit institutions offer clients different options in financial trouble if a eventula BT can prelungii refinancing loan repayment period if this is the last soluţie.În Consequently, there cases in which the loan holder can not fulfill its contractual obligations on a given perioadă.adică has no possibility of reimbursement rates on time and this may lead ultimately to enforcement of the security property.
"If the debtor fails to fulfill its obligation, the creditor is entitled to satisfy their warranty claim with the affected property." To this end, the creditor is entitled to take possession peacefully, security or property damaged resulting from turning products , as well as titles and documents that give ownership of the debtor's property, without requiring any authorization or notice and without paying anything. Pledge law gives secured creditors to take possession or to retain the affected property and guarantee the right to sell it in order to obtain payment of the secured obligations.
Collateral execution occurs when the deadlines set atuncii not paid credit rates are not paid interest also must notify the borrower BT, and where appropriate, coplătitorului and guarantors, the consequences of the loan agreement, following non-compliance obligations.
If, within 30 days of the due date, the borrower does not pay rates or coplătitorii repaid, BT is entitled to recover its claims on the path execution by harnessing the mortgaged securities or any other property owned by Borrower or aferenţii coplătitorilor it.
Recovery order payable bank is the following:
- Bank charges first;
- Interest in order of seniority;
- Credits in order of seniority.
Failing bank by the owner of any right of this contract constitutes a waiver thereof, and the bank will ever wear for that right to settle all obligations towards the Borrower. .
The only advantage of that to be deprived of property litigation is that "at any time until the asset is sold by the bank, the debtor and any interested person may perform the obligation by paying the debts incurred in acquisition and sale of the property. In this case, the creditor is obliged to accept payment, immediately cease any enforcement measures and to return property of the debtor.
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